HOPE-3 (statin)
Clinical Question
In patients without CVD with 1+ CV risk factors, does the indiscriminate use of a statin irrespective of LDL reduce the risk of CVD?
Bottom Line
In a population of patients without CVD with a ~1% annual risk of CVD/MI/stroke at baseline, a fixed "medium" dose of rosuvastatin lowered this risk by ~25% to 0.75%/year. These results are consistent with previous trials of statins in primary prevention.
Design
2x2 factorial, allocation-concealed RCT with "everybody" blinded, low loss-to-follow-up (<1%), analyzed using the intention-to-treat population.
Special notes:
- Pre-enrollment run-in phase: Single-blind treatment with both HOPE-3 active treatments (BP-lowering & statin) x4 weeks. Advanced to randomization if:
- Took at least 80% of doses
- Tolerated regimen without unacceptable adverse events
- Change to pre-defined outcomes:
- Single primary outcome changed to 2 co-primary outcomes (done before investigators saw unblinded data)
Patients and Setting
- 21 countries, 228 centers
- April 2007 - November 2010
- Included:
- Men 55+ y/o and women 65+ y/o + 1 additional CV risk factor:
- FHx: Premature CHD in 1o-degree relative (age <55 in men or <65 in women)
- SHx: Current/recent smoking (regular tobacco within 5 years)
- O/E: Waist/hip ratio >89 in men and >84 in women
- Labs:
- Low HDL (<1.0 mmol/L in men, <1.3 mmol/L in women)
- Renal dysfunction (microalbuminuria, eGFR <60 mL/min or SCr >124 micromol/L)
- Dysglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance test, but not diabetes requiring more than 1 oral antihypoglycemic)
- Women 60-64 y/o with 2 additional CV risk factors
- NOTE: total cholesterol, non-HDL & LDL NOT included as CV risk factors for eligibility, & no minimum criteria for enrollment
- Men 55+ y/o and women 65+ y/o + 1 additional CV risk factor:
- Excluded:
- PMHx:
- Manifest atherosclerotic CVD
- Clear indication or contraindication for statin &/or ACEI/ARB/thiazide, as determined by subject's own local MD
- Chronic liver disease or abnormal liver enzymes (i.e. ALT or AST >3x ULN)
- Inflammatory muscle disease or CK >3x ULN
- Concurrent meds:
- Statin or fibrate (patients taking other cholesterol-lowering drugs could be enrolled)
- PMHx:
- 14,682 entered run-in phase -> 12,705 (86.5%) enrolled
- Average patient:
- 65.7 y/o
- 46% female
- Race: 29% Chinese, 27% Hispanic, 20% White, 15% South Asian, <2% Black
- Enrollment CV risk factors:
- 26% with FHx premature CHD
- 28% current/recent smoking
- 87% with elevated waist/hip ratio (mean BMI 27)
- 36% with low HDL
- <3% with renal dysfunction
- 13% with impaired glucose, 6% with diabetes
- BP 138/82 mm Hg (38% with history of HTN)
- SCr: 80 micromol/L
- Lipids: Total cholesterol 5.2 mmol/L, HDL 1.2 mmol/L, LDL 3.3 mmol/L
- Fasting plasma glucose: 5.3 mmol/L
- Baseline meds
- Any BP-lowering drug 22%
- CCB 15%
- Beta-blocker 8%
- ASA 11%
- Any BP-lowering drug 22%
Intervention and Control
- Intervention: Rosuvastatin 10 mg PO daily
- Adherence: 88% @ 1 year, 84% @ 3 years, 75% @ 5 years
- Control: Matching placebo
- Adherence: 88% @ 1 year, 83% @ 3 years, 73% @ 5 years
- Co-interventions common to both groups:
- Randomized to candesartan 16 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg PO once daily or placebo
- Individualized structured lifestyle advice
- Follow-up:
- Visits q6 weeks x6 months, then q6 months
- Monitoring parameters: Adherence, safety, trial outcomes
- Visits q6 weeks x6 months, then q6 months
Outcomes
- @ median follow-up 5.6 years
- Mean LDL 1 mmol/L lower with rosuvastatin vs control @ 1 year
- Efficacy: Statistically significant reduction in both co-primary outcomes & a number of secondary outcomes. The effect on CV death/MI/stroke translates to a 1.1% absolute risk reduction at 5.6 years (i.e. a number needed to treat of 91 over 5.6 years, or ~500 per year)
- Safety:
- No signal of clinically-relevant increased risk of cancer, dementia/neuropsychiatric abnormalities, changes in LFTs, or diabetes
- 2 vs 1 cases of rhabdo; consistent with previous statin trials
- Absolute risk increase of 1.1% in muscle pain/weakness with rosuvastatin 10 mg vs placebo that did not translate into a greater risk of drug discontinuation
- Subgroup analyses: None of 16+ significant. In other words, the relative effects (relative risk reduction) of statins on CVD events are consistent across the study population.